A Peek at the Physics Behind Multiple Universes

The sciences of physics and astrophysics explore a great many interesting ideas about the universe. One of the most intriguing is the concept of multiple universes. Its also referred to as parallel universe theory. This is the idea that our universe is not the only one in existence. Most people have heard of the possibility of more than one universe from science fiction stories and movies. Far from being an imaginary idea, multiple universes can exist, according to modern physics. However, its one thing to devise a theory about their existence, but quite another to actually detect them. This is something that modern physics is wrestling with, using observations of distant light signals from the Big Bang as data.   What Are Multiple Universes? Just as our universe, with all its stars, galaxies, planets, and other structures exists and can be studied, physicists suspect that other universes filled with matter and space exist in parallel with ours. They may or may not be exactly like ours. Chances are that theyre not. They might have different laws of physics than we do, for example. They dont necessarily intersect with ours, but they may collide with it. Some theorists go so far as to explain that each person has a twin or mirror in the other universes. This is one interpretation of the multiple-universe theory called the many-worlds approach. It says that there are many universes out there. Star Trek fans, for example, will recognize this from such episodes as Mirror Mirror in the original series, Parallels in Next Generation, and others. Theres another interpretation of multiple universes that gets quite complex and is an outgrowth of quantum physics, which is the physics of the very small. It deals with interactions at the level of atoms and subatomic particles (which make up atoms). Basically, quantum physics says that small interactions — called quantum interactions — happen. When they do, they have far-reaching consequences and set up endless possibilities with endless outcomings from those interactions. As an example, imagine that in our universe a person takes a wrong turn on the way to a meeting. They miss the meeting and lose a chance to work on a new project. If they hadnt missed the turn, they would have gone to the meeting and gotten the project. Or, they missed the turn, and the meeting, but met someone else who offered them a better project. there are endless possibilities, and each one (if it happens) spurs endless consequences. In parallel universes, ALL of those actions and reactions and consequences take place, one to each universe.   This implies that there are parallel universes where all possible outcomes are happening simultaneously. Yet, we only observe the action in our own universe. All the other actions, we dont observe, but they are happening in parallel, elsewhere. We dont observe them, but they happen, at least theoretically. Can Multiple Universes Exist? The argument in favor of multiple universes involves many interesting thought experiments. One delves into cosmology (which is the study of the origin and evolution of the universe) and something called the fine-tuning problem.  This says that as we grow to understand the way our universe is constructed, our existence in it grows more precarious. As physicists have examined the way the universe has changed over time since the Big  Bang, they suspect that had the early conditions of the universe been just a bit different, our universe could have evolved to be inhospitable to life. In fact, if a universe spontaneously came into existence, physicists would expect it to spontaneously collapse or possibly to expand so rapidly that particles never really interact with each other. British physicist, Sir Martin Reese wrote extensively about this idea in his classic book Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape the Universe. Multiple Universes and a Creator Using this idea of finely-tuned properties in the universe, some argue for the need of a creator. Tgbe existence of such a being (for which there is no proof), doesnt explain properties of the universe. Physicists would like to understand those properties without invoking a deity of any kind. The easiest solution would just be to say, Well, thats how it is. However, thats not really an explanation. It just represents a remarkable lucky break that a single universe would come into being and that universe would just happen to have the very precise properties needed to develop life. Most physical properties would result in a universe that collapses into nothingness instantly. Or, it continues to exist and expands into a vast sea of nothingness. It isnt just a matter of trying to explain human beings as we happen to exist, but of explaining the very existence of any sort of universe. Another idea, which fits well with quantum physics, says that there is, indeed, a vast number of universes, which with different properties. Within that  multiverse of universes, some subset of them (including our own) would contain properties that allow them to exist for relatively long periods of time. That means a subset (including our own universe) would have the properties that allow them to form complex chemicals and, ultimately, life. Others would not. And, that would be okay, since quantum physics tells us that all possibilities can exist.   String Theory and Multiple Universes String theory  (which states that all the different fundamental particles of matter are manifestations of a basic object called a string) has recently begun to support this idea. This is because there is a vast number of possible solutions to string theory. In other words, if string theory is correct then there are still many different ways to construct the universe. String theory presents the idea of extra dimensions at the same that it includes a structure to think about where these other universes could be located. Our universe, which includes four dimensions of spacetime, seems to exist in a universe that may contain as many as 11 total dimensions. That multi-dimensional region is often called the bulk by string theorists. Theres no reason to think that the bulk couldnt contain other universes in addition to our own. So, it is sort of a universe of universes.    Detection is a Problem The question of a multiverses existence is secondary to being able to detect other universes. So far no one has found solid evidence for another universe. That doesnt mean they arent out there. The evidence may be something we havent yet recognized. Or our detectors arent sensitive enough. Eventually, physicists will find a way using solid data to find parallel universes and measure at least some of their properties. That could be a long way away, however.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Drug Case Study - 1057 Words

I recommend discontinuing this agent as it is not therapeutically appropriate for the diagnosis. The recommended dose is IV/IM 1-2 mg every 8-12 hours (max: 6 g/day) (Adams Urban, 2016). The drug is supplied for use as an IV medication. The patient’s 200 mg PO BID dose is not an appropriate route of administration. Side effects include, rash, diarrhea and superinfections with prolonged use. Patients should be monitored for signs of allergic reactions (Adams Urban, 2016). Drug interactions include, taking concurrently with aminoglycosides can increase the nephrotoxic effect. BCG vaccine effects are diminished. Lactobacillus may decrease effect and probenecid may increase serum level of Avibactam. Cephalosporines can enhance†¦show more content†¦The mechanism of action of Melatonin secretion naturally begins with the amino acid tryptophan and serotonin which are sent to melatonin receptors in the brain, eye and other areas of the body and released in to the blood and CSF, crossing the blood brain barrier. The hormone controls our sleep rhythm. Melatonin has a short half-life and is metabolized in the hepatic system by the CYP-450 enzyme and excreted by the kidneys and in feces (Drugs.com, 2017). Side effects include, nightmares, daytime drowsiness, depression, anxiety, headache, blood pressure alterations, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, increased risk foe seizures and joint pain (Drugs.com, 2017). Drug interactions include, avoid concurrent use with Luvox an SSRI antidepressant. Avoid taking with other sedatives and alcohol due to additive effect. Blood glucose levels may increase with Melatonin. Avoid use with caffeine, Nifedipine and anticoagulants (Drugs.com, 2017). The patient’s dose is not disclosed in the scenario. Dosage ranges from 1mg to 10 mg and comes in tablets, capsules, lozenges, sprays, drops and gummie preparations. Melatonin can be contained in foods naturally such as, tomatoes, walnuts, grains, strawberries, wine, beer and cow’s milk (Drugs.com, 2017). There are no ethnopharmacological or pharmacogenetic issues identified for the patient. Dandelion (Lion’s-Tooth) Dandelion is a plant hearty in vitamins A,B,C and D and minerals, such as potassium, zinc andShow MoreRelatedDrugs Alcohol Case Study1784 Words   |  8 PagesCASE STUDY Brian is married with two teenage children. He set up his own company, a packaging business 10 years ago, and has worked hard to make it viable. During this time his use of alcohol has increased. He currently uses alcohol on a daily basis and often consumes a 1.5L of bottle of spirits a day. He hides this from his wife, but she has recently wanted to talk about this, and is angry and frustrated with him. 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What Accounting And Finance Is And Why It Has An Important...

INTRODUCTION This report focuses primarily on the understanding of what Accounting and Finance is and why it has, and will continue to be, an important aspect of any business - further exploring its subsequent relevance in guiding those who work in these areas. WHAT IS ACCOUNTING? Accounting, a practice which goes back many millennia, arises from the concept which Britton and Waterston (2005, p. 03) believe came about when managers (known then as stewards) had to â€Å"account for their stewardship of the owners’ money†. Fundamentally, this idea brought forward by Britton and Waterston, is possibly a leading factor when trying to understand what accounting is which is defined by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales†¦show more content†¦While this may be the case, the final aim of preparing all these documents is to assist people by communicating to them information on which they will subsequently make a decision on. WHAT IS FINANCE? Finance, similarly to accounting, assists people with their decision making. The difference being that finance focuses mostly on the way a business entity raises and invests funds. According to an extract from the University of North Carolina Wilmington titled, â€Å"What is Finance?†, â€Å"finance incorporates the study of money and other assets, the management of those assets and being able to profile and manage project risks†. In this way, it is clear to see how accounting and finance are linked because without accounting information, none of the above incorporations would be possible. Finance can be divided into three categories: public, personal and corporate finance. ïÆ'Ëœ Public finance is the study of the role of the government in the economy and how resources are allocated (Atkinson and Stiglitz. 1980) ïÆ'Ëœ Corporate finance is the area of finance which dealt with the way a business sourced funds and used them to increase the overall value of the business. ïÆ'Ëœ Personal finance is simply the finance that an individual deals with taking into considerations risks and future events. TYPES OF ACCOUNTING There are various types of Accounting which serve different purposes but are of equal significance when it comes to the well-being and

`` Let Them Eat Code `` By Atossa Abrahamians - 871 Words

In Atossa Abrahamians article titled â€Å"Let Them Eat Code,† she discusses the growing problem of homelessness in America and society’s failure to recognize their contribution to homelessness. Abrahamian specially focuses her discussion on technology entrepreneurs who approach alleviating homeless in a negative manner or exploit the homeless to benefit their businesses. Throughout her paper, Abrahamian examines numerous problematic instances in which technology moguls used the misfortune of homeless citizens as learning tool to develop innovations for their businesses. Abrahamian traces this exploitation to society’s tendency to view homeless individuals as â€Å"primordial† instead of human beings like the rest of humanity. By observing different problematic incidents of exploitation and their origins, she supports her argument that â€Å"polite society† has contributed to the â€Å"plight† of homelessness (Abrahamian 3,4). In analyzing Ab rahamian’s article, I agree with her opinion that American society has a negative outlook toward the homeless and often refuses to acknowledge their contribution to homelessness in the United States. Early in her argument, Abrahamian emphasizes her belief that â€Å"society has failed its poorest members† (Abrahamian 4). She supports her point by describing a situation in which two prominent entrepreneurs made cruel insensitive comments about the disadvantage people of San Francisco on social media. The successful entrepreneurs, Greg Gopman and Peter Shih,

Survival Skills In South Central LA Free Essays

While a majority of adults continually struggle to cope with the occurrence Of death, this Story tells a tale of children who have practically become accustomed to it. Beauty provides a distinct look at this urban school setting through her inside view of student emotions, evidence of pain within the kids, and the feelings that she evokes from the audience despite her straightforward tone. (simple) While first reading about Ms. We will write a custom essay sample on Survival Skills In South Central LA or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beauty and her inside story into this previously uncharted territory, sensed as though she was a woman who possessed a very intimate bond with the students. In the story, when describing what occurred on days when the students mourned someone who was killed, Ms. Beauty notes that â€Å"boys lingered over handshakes and looked into my eyes solemnly. Girls threw their arms around me and wordlessly moved away. No one said enough. † (Beauty; par. 5). A majority of her descriptions of students and events, as well as her diction, seem somewhat heartfelt yet a bit plainly stated on the surface; however, the cultural distance between Ms. Beauty and the students seemingly increases the more we observe how she interacts with them. When Ms. Beauty discusses how the kids hugged her, the description actually makes her seem somewhat aloof. The way that the author words the sentence makes it seem as though the children approach her with emotions and she is simply present, receiving the actions. As a teacher, Beauty never necessarily makes a huge effort to help the student’s cope with these devastating loses, except in the case of Dander where Ms. Beauty does display some emotional involvement. On the day of this peculiar interaction between student and teacher, Beauty â€Å"was not prepared for the sight one day f Dander, standing alone behind the stairwell. (Beauty; par. 6). However, even in this case we see her as an outsider looking in: when a counselor arrives after a failed attempt to comfort her student, Ms. Beauty â€Å"watched them go with a mixture of relief and dread. Out of [her] hands. † She obviously had worthy intentions to comfort Dander, but the situation seemed to be bigger than anything she could resolve. Ms. Beats trustworthiness becomes another important factor to focus our attention on and her illustration of events keys us into the devastation that sakes place in South Central Los Angels. The story itself does not appear to include any influence of bias, but the author narrates from a personal point of view and therefore the article contains her opinions and viewpoints on the matter. Ms. Beauty gives credible information because she witnessed all of these hardships and events first-hand; she offers highly trust;rotor information in comparison to, for example, an internet news columnist who would write about different schools in Los Angels. When narrating, she delivers a subjective point of view that would not be attainable from an outside source. The tone throughout the article delivers a sense of authority that is unmatched to anything Vive ever read before, somehow conveying emotion in such a nondescript manner. While describing the tale of events, Beauty utilizes fairly straight forward language. When recounting Dander’s story of false accusation, she gives evidence to the type of misfortune that falls upon the shoulders of young teens in this area. The story of Dander evokes both logic and sympathy because no child should have to suffer this type of harassment and blame, especially not in Dander’s case because he ad such good intentions of standing up for his sister. Pathos lingers throughout this recap of Dander’s accusations When discussing the accusations, the Beauty says that Dander â€Å"was taken into custody, where he was told they already had evidence that he’d killed the boy and were just looking for a confession. The smartest thing he could do, they told him, was to confess, so they could get his sentence down to a few years. If he refused, he would get life. † (Beauty; par. 16). This section of the story really resonated with me, and cannot imagine a person falsely accusing me of murder or coaxed into making reparations for a crime of which did not take part in. Although it appears that Beauty lacks the same cultural background as the students, believe that she could have written her story with more conviction, urging readers to reach out to the hopeless children. Through researching, I found out about multiple organizations and charities that help motivate inner-city kids to graduate high school. When Beauty talked about her â€Å"heavy- footed student who looked too old for ninth grad’ (Beauty; par. 3), it made me realize that what some of these students needed was a ray of hope in heir violence-filled surroundings. One charity called the I Have A Dream Foundation pledges college education funding for kids who graduate high school, and this would be a great thing for Beauty to have introduced into the school. Focusing their efforts into schoolwork and attempting to make something out of their lives might be just the spark that South Central Los Angels would need to eliminate teen violence. Beats emotional involvement with her students is never quite enough; her aloofness, insensitivity, and difference in cultural upbringing make it difficult for her to innocent on a deep level with her students. How to cite Survival Skills In South Central LA, Papers

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Thesis Example For Students

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Thesis In the 1950 novel Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury presents the now familiar images of mind controlled worlds. People now live in a world where they are blinded from the truth of the present and the past. The novel is set in the, perhaps near, future where the world is in war, and firemen set fires instead of putting them out. Books and written knowledge is banned from the people, and it is the firemen’s job to burn books. Firemen are now the policemen of this time. Some people have rebelled by hiding books, but have not been very successful. Most people have conformed to this world. Guy Montag, a fireman, is a part of the majority who have conformed. Throughout the novel Montag goes through a transformation, where he changes from a Conformist to a Revolutionary. Guy Montag has never questioned his job before the day he met Clarisse McClellan. This is the first time where Montag is confronted with the idea that, he doesn’t understand the whole truth about books. Montag meets Clarisse as he is one day walking home from work, and they strike up a conversation. During their conversation Montag is questioned why books are illegal and why firemen burn the books. She also asks him if he had ever read any of the books that he burned. His reply was that it is against the law. Clarisse even asks, †¦ long ago did firemen put fires out instead of going to start them?(Fahrenheit 451, page 38) Montag replies by telling her that that is nonsense, and that Houses have always been fireproof,†¦(Fahrenheit 451, page 38) Here you can see how brainwashed and blinded the truth is for the people. Clarisse says good night to Montag, and right before she leaves she asks him, Are you happy?(Fahrenheit 451, page39) Before Montag can reply Clarisse is gone, and she leaves Montag pondering her question. As he tells himself that her question was nonsense, he starts to realize that he is not happy with his life. Someone else who changed Montag’s thinking, changed it by their actions not by tell him anything. One day the firemen got a call with an address of someone who was hiding books. The firemen, doing their job like always, went to the house to find the books and burn them. When they got there they had found the books, but when they went to burn them the person who owned the books would not leave them. The firemen ordered her to leave, but she wouldn’t. She stood with her books and burned with them. This baffled Montag. He could not understand why this person would die for her books. This made Montag more curious to find out what were in these books. As Montag started to question the idea of books being corrupt, he had people trying to stop these ideas. One person who tried to brainwash Montag was his Captain, Beatty. Beatty’s reasoning for banishing books was that they made too many problems. Beatty was not the only one that tried to stop Montag from thinking books might have some good in them. Having the firemen burn books was not the only way used to stop people from reading books. Montag was brainwashed, by a form of television, to keep him away from books. This form of television was called the family. It wasn’t only Montag who was being brainwashed from the family. Every home had a family installed in it, and all showed the same exact programs. A good example of a person brainwashed from the family was Montag’s wife, Mildred. .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70 , .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70 .postImageUrl , .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70 , .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70:hover , .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70:visited , .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70:active { border:0!important; } .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70:active , .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70 .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3162581cc842bdeb1c13936740163f70:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Achievements Of Catherine The Great Essay Mildred was completely obsessed with the family. She would watch it all day long. She even wanted to install a third wall in their parlor, the room where the family is located. Montag did not only have people trying to stop him from opening his mind, he also had people helping him find the truth. One of these people was an elderly man by the name Fabian. Montag arrived at finding Fabian after reading a book that he had sneaked out of a house that was raided by the firemen. He had many questions and he wanted to find