Life Choices and Consequences

My Grandfather always said to me â€Å" s3 wo si as3 Ny3 wo d3 a 3h) na wo tafiri† –â€Å"Even if you don’t like the taste in your mouth that is where you will always lick† The diversity of life impinges on us to make a choice in every single decision. Whatever you have done in your life and whatever you will do is simple a bundle of choices you have made or will make. And every single one of these choices serves as a foundation for another choice. But the more fascinating thing about choices is that every single one of our choices reduces the probability of options that are readily available to us .And this is extremely important because the surprising number of us do not realized that all that we are and everything we have are the results of choices . We are in control of our choices and thus our life’s direction and destiny. Our choices and our life go hand in hand . the life you are living is simply a cumulative series of choices you have made. We have gotten used to making choices that we scarcely think of it as the means that unfolds our life before our eyes. Choices are about yielding and resisting. They are about reflections and impulsiveness.They are about the present and future and it is a yes and no affair and a now later business but whatever it is the laws of living demands that we make one in every circumstance in other to live. But every single choice we make comes along with a shadow . This shadow is generally referred as consequence . It is very easy in the choice making decision to conjure our best planning skills to navigate the maze of options that covers the path to wherever we want to go and whatever we want to achieve. However, we scarcely make provisions for dealing with the consequences of our choices .And so consequences of our choices have become more or less a headache in society. More often than not, the consequences of our choices open our eyes to the glitter of all the other options we pushed asi de. And then we start to think that the choices we made were poor ones . Sometimes we feel like turning back the clock and rewinding the tape in other to make a better choice. Truth is, it does not matter how hard or how badly you want to change the choice. A choice made is a choice made. The best that you can do about it is to develop a positive attitude about it and face the consequences.The bottom line is this: regardless of the consequences that we are going through now, we are all trying to accomplish increasingly more out of the choices we made with increasingly less resources –whether these resources are money, time, focus or energy. The challenge is not that we do not make rational choices, rather, our refusal to focus and work hard at the choices we have made, make those options we left behind glitter like the twinkling stars. Instead of constantly looking over your shoulder at the glittering options you left behind, your best bet is to live positively with your choi ces and look towards the future .Looking back means you are dwelling on the past instead of living in the present and being stuck in the past does not help you make any better choices in the future. We can all look at our circumstances and point out instances where different choices could have given us a different way of life . But it only sounds easy in words. In action, they are difficult . For the surprising majority of us, when the consequences of our choices rear its ugly head, we respond in a very predictable way. We turn in the opposite direction and try to outrun it .The only problem is that, before long the consequences catches up with us. And so instead of outrunning the consequences, we actually run into it , maximizing our exposure to it. Or like we say,† Challenges and problems compound when we ignore them , and we end up being exposed to something longer and or worse than what might have been. Our best bet is to wait for the consequences to come right at us and a s it arrives, we must charge directly into them. By charging at the consequences of our choices, we run straight through it, which minimizes the amount of negative effect we experience .And why not, in life most of the brilliant options are about doing the hard things you know you should do, even when you do not feel like doing them, but doing as early on as possible. As long as we live, we are going to make a lot of choices. And if we do not want negative consequences, then we have to think about and evaluate our choices differently than we have been doing. It is about giving a lot of forethought to the consequences of the choices we are faced with. And it is about being ready to deal positively with whatever consequences that materializes out of the choices we make.

Mahayana Buddhism

Asian Behavior and Thought 10/16/12 Study Guide 7 – Mahayana Buddhism 1. What are the four sublime states? 1. Boundless love is related to friendliness. Buddhists cultivate love that is unconditioned and unlimited, based on the knowledge that all are one in the ocean of love. 2. Boundless compassion is the intense fellow feeling one should have for all living beings who suffer through pain, anxiety, ignorance and illusion. 3. Sympathetic joy- moves one to seek out happiness and prosperity of others and rejoice with them. . Equanimity – is the sense of nonattachment to self and to the world that the arhat achives by following the path of transformation and rooting out all desire and clinging. 2. What is Early Buddhism’s view of material well-being? Buddhist vision for society is the fundamental principle that all types of people are equal and that honor depends not on circumstances of birth but on moral and spiritual achievement?. ( is this the answer) 3. How does the ethical life of lay persons compare with that of monks and nuns?Lay people – There are many scriptures that spell out practical guidance and concrete disciplines for the good life. There are five percepts that leads the good life of compassion, love and fulfillment. 1st percept is the principle of nonviolence – concept expands not only to humans but also to animals. 2nd percept is not to steal – concept expands to avoild all forms of cheating, dishonest dealings to gain advantage over the others etc. 3rd percept is refrain from wrongful sexual relation – concept expands to be married and have sexual intercourse in the right way. th percept is refrain from wrongful speech that would cause others hatred, enmity, & dishmarmony. And 5th percept is refrain from drugs and liquor because it can cause breaking of other percepts. Monks and nuns – has to follow high level of detachment from those material, economic and social attachments that characteri ze life for lay people. They have 10 percepts. 1. Taking life, 2. Not stealing. 3. Sexual misconduct 4. Lying. 4. Drugs and liquor 5. Drugs and liquor 6. Earing after noon 7. Watching shows, singing and dancing 8. Using adornments of perfumes etc. 9.Sleeping in a high bed and 10. Handling gold or silver. 4. Outline an overview of the general spread of Buddhism through Asia. Theravada (ways of elders) came to be dominant in South Asia and South east Asia (especially in Srilanka). Mahayana (greater vehicle – one reaching the goal was being broadened to include others, even lay people) Buddhisim spreaded throughout the lands of East Asia ( monks and missionaries brought Buddhism to China than from China it spreaded to Vietnam, Korea and Japan). Vahrayana (diamond vehicle or tantrism) was accepted in Tibet and 1 Japanese Buddhist school. 5.How is Mahayana Buddhism distinguished from Early Buddhism. Mahayana discarded the narrower concept of the arhat as the one reaching the goal was being broadened to include others even laypeople. Al can be equally on the path toward achieveing Buddhahood While Theravada(early Buddhism) only focused on original teachings of the Buddha. 6. In Mahayana Buddhism what is a bodhisattva? Bodhisattva- being who is intent on becoming fully enlightened in Mahayana Buddhism, one who reaches enlightenment but vows to continvue rebirths in samsara to assist others. 7. How does the conception of Buddha change?The Mahayana group expanded the conception of who or what the Buddha is. They emphasized that Buddha is really the eternal power of the Dharma and that this Dharma body of Buddha is universal. Dharma body is the only real body of Buddha and it is ultimate reality. 8. What is the relation of nirvana to samsara? Nirvana is freedom from samsara and therefore, is a permanent, unconditioned state. Nirvana is not in any sense like God but Nirvana is a reality experienced within as it were a state of unconditioned freedom. 9What are the meaning of emptiness (shunyata) and â€Å"suchness† (tathata)?Emptiness is actually the common predicate of all dharmas. Emptiness means the absence of own being, where own being means something existing through its own power and having an immutable essence. So emptiness is really the same as the truth of dependent co-arising. Mahaynnists point out that not only are all conditioned dharmas empty but also the unconditioned reality of nirvana is empty. This leads to the idea that both Nirvana and samsara is empty there is no difference btw them. Suchness is seeing the world as it really is. Karuna – Buddhist ideal of compassionPure Land – focusing on worship of AMitabha Budhha, with hope of reincarnation pureland paradise. Amitabha – heavenly Buddha who presides over the pure land Buddha realm Chan – school of meditation Buddhism in China, Korea. Zen – important school of meditation Buddhism in japan Lotus Sutra – imp. Early scriptures ofMahayana Buddhism. Vajrajana – Damond Vehicle, tantric tradition of Buddhism especially in Tibet and Japan. Mandala – painting of cosmic Buddhas or a symbolice cosmos, used especially in Vajrayana Buddhist ritual and meditation. Dharma – teachings of budhha ependent co-arising (dependent origination) – central Buddhist teaching that everything is conditioned by something else, that all reality is interdependent. Three Bodies (Trikaya) – Dharma body – universal Buddha essence. Bliss Body – heavenly Buddhas and Transformation body – human manifestations of Buddha. Mahavairocana – great sun Buddha IITuesday, October 23. Tibetan Buddhism. In class video: The Reincarnation of Khensur Rinpoche Read: Ch. 6: pp. 103, 106-108. Iyer Pico on the Dalai Lama (on Blackboard). [2nd ed. Ch. 6: 95, 98-100] 1. What are some of the special characteristics of Tibetan Buddhism?The religious specialists were the lamas. Tantric Buddhists act ively engage with their feelings, emotions and imagination. For example, during meditation they will imagine what it was like to be the Buddha in a certain place or time. 2. Based on Pico Iyer’s presentation, how would you describe the Dalai Lama? 3. What stands out most to you personally in Iyer’s presentation? Why? Lama – spiritual masters often thought to be living gods Dalai Lama – head of the Geluk Tibetain Buddhist school, traditionally recognized as spiritual and political leader of Tibetans.

Causes for development of aggression in children

Causes for development of aggression in children Aggression can be loosely defined as any behaviour which is intended to cause harm to another person whether physically or verbally. This investigation specifically evaluates the biological and learning perspective of psychology accounting for the development of aggression in children. Aggression from the biological perspective is often seen as an innate behaviour which is genetically passed on from the parents to their offspring or through other biological factors such as low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin and certain brain structures when manipulated may result in aggressive behaviour. When considering the learning perspective and environmental determinants of aggression in children. The key factors which play an essential role in the development of aggression in children are the observation of others behaviour as demonstrated by Albert Bandura (1961) as well as, the frustration aggression hypothesis which has been found to be a considerable factor in the development of aggression. This examination investigates the origins of childhood aggression and evaluates two differing perspectives being the biological and learning perspective and collectively concludes that there are various factors which contribute to a child acting aggressively. Biological factors such as genetics, low levels of serotonin and the amygdale have proven to result in childhood aggression. Similarly, environmental determinants such as observation of others, media and video games have also been found to cause childhood aggression. However, an understanding and strong evaluation of both the biological and learning perspective has lead to a stronger foundation of understanding childhood aggression. Therefore, to fully understand the origins of aggressive behaviour both biological and environmental factors must be considered within their limited scope (i.e. Strengths and weaknesses). There are many ways in which aggression can be defined. According to Berkowitz (1975) aggression is any behaviour which causes intentional harm to another person. There are many different forms of aggression which includes verbal, physical and emotional behaviours that are apparent in some children. Studies conducted on young children suggest that aggression develops in young children based on their biological background or their environmental context. This essay will be exploring and evaluating the biological perspective and learning perspective of psychology accounting for the development of aggression in young children. This issue is worthy of investigation since aggression has become a substantial social problem amongst upcoming generations. It has always appealed to me to understand the basis of aggressive behaviour as I have seen this behaviour amongst most children, teenagers as well as adults. It is my curiosity and eagerness to discover more about the development of aggression from two opposing views being the biological and learning which has motivated me to undertake th is research topic for my extended essay. To begin with, the biological perspective is based on the assumption that behaviour is biologically determined. All psychological issues stem from a physiological background. Therefore, aggression in children based on the biological perspective is considered to be an innate behaviour. Biological factors which trigger aggressive behaviour in children are inheritance, as well as the neurotransmitter serotonin and certain structures in the brain which trigger aggressive behaviour. Many theories and case studies have been put forward to support the hypothesis that aggression in children is biologically determined which will be discussed in further detail. (Weiten, W. 2007).

Should government invest in small businesses Essay

Should government invest in small businesses - Essay Example Small businesses are very important for economic growth of a country. According to FSB, small and medium sized businesses contribute over 98 per cent of all businesses within an area (Ibbotson and Moran, 2005, pp. 556-563). In London, small businesses contribute significantly by providing job opportunities to unemployed people. The GDP of the entire United Kingdom is highly contributed by small and medium-sized entrepreneurs. In the year 2012, the Federation of Small Businesses surveyed 200 small businesses in London. Small businesses reported that they had better opportunities in entire London during Olympics and games. People from different countries visited London during games and sports. It helped most of the SMEs to earn huge profits. Small businesses are important because they lead to new innovations in marketing strategies. Most of the SMEs’ entrepreneurs belong from a lower age-group in London as per the report of FSB. Young people have the potential to convert their i nitiatives to application, which has sustained the market till now. Government investment in small businesses can provide better chances for small business to grow and develop, which in-turn can help in the economic development of London. The Prime Minister of United Kingdom has brought forward some evidential facts during the CBI speech on 25th of October. The Prime Minister mentioned that the existing small businesses since 2002 have proved to be very beneficial for the economic growth of United Kingdom especially London.

Accounting for Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Accounting for Decision Making - Essay Example These two important measures of profitability show that the company has made remarkable progress over the nest quarter signifying increased efficiency and effectiveness. However, this is not the case. The statements prepared under the contribution margin rules show that the contribution margin has not improved between the two quarters. The statement prepared implied the company has contribution margin of 52% in the both the quarters, as seen in figure 5, implying that there has no increase in efficiency of controlling variable costs. Therefore, the profit net profit margin under the contribution margin statement remains 14% in both quarters. The increase in the net income under the absorption id due to the allocation of the fixed costs over a greater number of units produced. Mr. Rozen has increased the production levels from 25,000 units to 50,000 units. This has reduced the allocation of fixed costs from $24 in first quarter to $12 in second quarter. Thus the cost of goods sold has decreased by $300,000 which has increased the gross margins and the net margin. Can you make any suggestions for reporting in the future? Absorption approach is construc tive for external reporting. It does not provide the competitors with too much information which they can use to their advantage such as the product cost, the material costs, the labor costs and others. Similarly, this approach considers the costs to the finished inventory as an asset on a balance sheet until it is sold. Therefore, this helps the company to improve its metrics for external stakeholders. Likewise, the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP, requires the publicly held companies to prepare their statements under the absorption approach. (Taylor, 2010) However, for internal users and decision-making, contribution margin approach to income statement is quite useful. Variable costing allows the internal users to understand the product cost of unit which will allow them to decrease variances between actual and budgeted amounts. This helps in controlling costs and overall profitability of the company. With this approach, the managers can make better decisions in a fluctuation sales environment and helps them to accurate the cost of productions for future periods. Likewise, this approach helps to observe an impact of each and every product on the overall profitability of the company. Some products are better absorbers of fixed costs and increase the earnings of the company. Therefore, an adequate decision can be made regarding the discontinuation of product which will least affect the earnings. (Scott, 2012) Do you think Mr. Rosen should be seriously considered for the CEO position? Why or why not? Mr. Rozen has based his decision to increase the production on inadequate information. He has not pondered hard over the impact of his decision on the company’s operations and profitability. With the increase in production, Mr. Rozen only allowed for a better allocation of the fixed costs over a larger quantity of units. This only allowed for the costs to be temporarily seen as assts on the balance sheet in the form of inventory. However, M r. Rozen must understand that the huge amount of inventory that has been created will need to managed and properly maintained over the nest quarter for the sales in future. This will increase inventory handling costs and storage costs that will have

3.Describe a scenario in which you would use the custom reports Essay

3.Describe a scenario in which you would use the custom reports feature under the Reports menu in the MS Project 2010 Project View - Essay Example The customs feature permits users to develop customized and pre-defined reports. Additionally, in MS Project 2003, one can easily locate the report link under the section of View | Reports. In MS Project 2007, similar features are found in Report | Reports. When users choose these reports link, a dialog box with unique custom features pops up. The customs feature may be used when users want to view details of their plans in varied ways (Schwalbe, 2011). A solitary report may entail a dynamic mixture of textual content, charts, and tables. Dissimilar to many views in MS Project, a story resembles a blank canvas where you can place any elements. The features include charts and tables that emphasize on information that interests users (Schwalbe, 2011). The custom features, similarly, helps users to develop particular information needs for the corresponding projects. The custom feature allows the execution of numerous functions that would otherwise be bulky and daunting. The individual features make report creation a simple

Strategic management leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management leadership - Essay Example Fro public organizations to cope with this trend and demand of the present time, there is the need that it adopt a strategic management so as to effectively utilize its resources in meeting immediate objectives and long term goals. Strategic management is then seen as a rational planning process to enable an organization operates more effectively in its environment. To this end, Armitage (1992), define it as a continuous process that works to fit an organization into its changing environment. Thus, strategic management is broader in concept than strategic planning; it entails both strategic planning, which a long term is planning process, and strategic decision, which decisions are taken without consideration to the length of term frame. The strategic management pattern of every organization may differ from what is obtainable in another. While there are areas of similarities, certain aspects are uniquely structured out to suit the operation of the organization in concern. Thus, this essay would compare and contracts on strategic management techniques adopted by two case studies, i.e. Office of Real Property Service (ORPS) and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The strategic management techniques would be used at looking at the impact it has on strategic leadership and the strategic processes adopted by each organization THE PROCESS OF AN IDEAL STARTEGIC MANAGEMENT As earlier stated, strategic management entails a continuous process that works to make an organization fit into its operating environment by the adequate utilization of its resources. Thus, it involves strategic planning, i.e. long range planning, and decision making that covers the operational activities of the organization without regards for time frame. The implementation of strategic management system is the administrative responsibility of a group of the firm's partners and managers. According to Armitage (1992), the implementation of the strategic management system must be approached in a manner indicating that the small planning group is not trying to take over the firm. It must be made clear from the start that the group will work within the bounds of the organization and that all members of the firm will have input into the process. The support for the strategic management can be increased by the use of consensus decision making rather than formal vote taking. Voting can le ad to division rather than uniting the organization. Consensus decision on the other hand fosters the working together of workers and leads to increased cooperation among members of the organization. The process of strategic management should first focus on formulating the organization's mission and the overall direction of the organization. With the clarification of this, better goals and objectives can be set for the firm to help achieve its mission. On the early stage, the process of strategic management should attempt at identifying those major strategic issues facing the firm. Also, the leaders of the organization should focus on the future strategic issues the organization may face. The next phase of the process involves analyzing the firm's strength and weakness, involving an environmental analysis, and current

Muscular Dystropy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Muscular Dystropy - Essay Example symptoms vary according to the type of muscular dystrophy; but, generally, the symptoms may include muscle weakness; loss of coordination; and progressive crippling that result in fixations of the muscles around the joints and mobility loss (ibid.) There are many types of muscular dystrophy. Dystrophinopathies are due to a genetic defect of the protein dystrophin. Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy , which is the most severe , occurs mostly in young boys and is the most common form that affects children. There is no cure for any form of muscular dystrophy. Treatment attempts to reduce deformities in the joints and the spine to retain mobility for as long as possible. â€Å"Treatments may include various types of physical therapy, medications, assistive devices, and surgery† (ibid.). Because respiratory problems may occur in the later stages, it is important that patients be vaccinated for pneumonia and be current with flu shots. According to Nursing Care Plan (2011), there is currently no cure for MD so therapeutic management is focused on managing the symptoms and maintaining the highest level of functional independence possible. Patients with MD are managed by a multidisciplinary team because of their complex needs. Nursing interventions are primarily preventive and

Long-Term Liabilities (Assignment 9) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Long-Term Liabilities ( 9) - Assignment Example Long-term income taxes payable recorded a negative change of 49.44% from the previous. This clearly indicates that the company reduced its long-term income tax payable by 49.44 percent. This is a good sign of the efforts of the company tom reduce long-term liabilities. According to the notes on the financial statements, the management of the company recorded that the company recorded a significant reduction in income tax payable as a result of changes in tax policies. The U.S. federal and state tax audits resolved to lower the rate of income tax rate from 32.5 percent in April 2, 2011 to 12.7 percent in March 31, 2012. 3. What are the approximate interest rates incurred on your firms long-term liabilities? Complete the schedule below. Some items, e.g., deferred tax liabilities, do not incur interest. Some (or most) of this information will be found in the notes to the financial statements. 5. Go to the statement of cash flows. Observe the amount of "net cash flow from operations" generated in each of the last three years. To what extent does it appear that the company will be able to pay off the above scheduled obligations each year with cash generated from operations? Might the company need to raise the required cash in some other way? Discuss. The company has been recording consistent increase in the amount of net cash flow from operations. In the last financial year ended in December 2011, the Pentair recorded a net cash flow from operations of 320,226,000. This is remarkable given the fact that the company has been recording consistent performance in the last three years. Taking a look at both the present and past performances of the company, the company is only able to pay long term debts. The other obligations have the effect of straining the company’s financial resources and this may require the company to source for additional capital. The company may pay the obligations by raising additional capital from the stock market through

ERP Story Write Up Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ERP Story Write Up - Case Study Example ementation of the ABC software package but business processre-engineering.ABS is looking forward to merge its three entities; shell out old ways of doing business and adopt best practices in order to push growth of the company.ABC software package is only a helping tool in this process. In my opinion two things need to be done immediately – the first is that ownership of the project should be taken by business; IT person should only help as finally the business will not be done by IT persons. (Bernard Grabot) The project manager can be a person from the technical side but ownership of the project should not be with him, he should be seen as doing something which the top management wants. The news of the implementation and the final authority should be with a person who is well respected within the three firms and has a lot of functional knowledge about business practices of the three companies. IT knowledge is secondary in such business reengineering projects; even consultants can provide that. Lastly the project implementation team should be comprised of both IT persons as well as functional people from the three companies. This will ensure a proper implementation. (Bernard Grabot) Finally the presentation should contain success stories – various companies in which the consultants implemented ERP and how they turned around their business. Most of these stories should be from insurance firms as well as service sector firms. In order to choose the best project manager from the list which has been provided we will use the following grading rubric for the three prospects - functional knowledge, ABC implementation knowledge and experience; Project management experience; Change management experience (managing changes caused due to ERP implementation); experience of various technical systems (Bill Holtsnider) (needed in order to understand which legacy systems need to be preserved.)On the basis of the above points we will analyze the three candidates – By

Compare how Willy Russell Essay Example for Free

Compare how Willy Russell Essay Compare how Willy Russell portrays the two brothers in Blood Brothers. Account for the different reactions the audience have to the two characters throughout the play. Willy Russell successful playwright Blood Brothers conjures up many debateable topics including the intriguing separation of twin brothers Mickey and Eddie. During my essay I shall indulge into the social differences and similarities occurring between the twin brothers, whilst giving personal responses of my own and explaining the effects materializing on the audience and if it is what Russell hoped for. I shall give thought provoking evidence to back up my opinions and create emotional differing acknowledgements to enhance my essay. The theme constantly running through the play is that of a social difference and a difference in class. The title Blood Brothers has several denotations with Blood meaning possible violence or a blood relation whereas Brothers could mean a close/good relationship. The opening line Have you ever heard the story of the Johnston brothers? makes the audience inquisitive from the start, and sets the scene for the story. From the first mention of the brothers in Act 1 Scene 5, the audience can notice Edward is instantly shown to be more socially superior to Mickey having been chosen by Mrs Lyons to be the baby to have the life of luxury and live with her. She pressurised Mrs Johnston to say At the birth of my twins I shall give one of the children to Jennifer J. Lyons. Russell is trying to cause an early rift amongst the brothers and profound that society treats people in many different ways and can pave the way for peoples lifespan. The audience feel generally excited towards this turning point in the play and would love to know how the rest of the play and the brothers lifes pan out. I feel a certain sorrow for Mrs Johnston having been threatened by Mrs Lyons, to secure the rights of Edward. In Act 1 Scene 8, Mrs Lyons says They say that if either twin learns he was one of a pair they shall both die immediately. Despite a great sadness for Mrs Johnston, I also feel a magnitude of happiness and hope for the great life Edward shall have before him. Once the brothers meet the comparison between the two experiences another social difference, as in terms of manner the brothers speak within a whole different complex. Poor manners and a broad liverpudlian accent are reminiscent of something Mickey would say. In Act 2 Scene2 Mickey says Im not playing now because I am pissed off. Whereas the well spoken Eddie would say Fantastic, I shall look it up in the dictionary. This particular difference occurs due to the far from similar worlds the brothers have been brought up in; this difference would make the audience think the brothers had no relation or link whatsoever. The audience also feel sorrow for Mickey knowing he has not had the same chances as his brother but I can also presumably see humour as the brothers diverse childhoods lead them to say contrastingly opposite things. Again in Act 2 Scene2 the level of knowledge between the two brothers is also experiencing a huge difference, exaggerating that the upper class are more intelligent than the lower class. Again Russell is trying to convince the audience that Eddie is benefitting from his greater advanced sociality. Eddie says Dont you know what a dictionary is? Mickey responds Course I do. Its a thingy isnt it? Eddies question may insult the intelligence of Mickey but again the different upbringings result in a difference of knowledge. The audience and I feel pitiful for the poor Eddie who hasnt had the same chances as his brother yet I can see a humorous side as Russell again exaggerates how less intelligent lower class people are. Mrs Lyons tells her son not to play down where Mickey lives. Two possible reasons for this could explain Mrs Lyons concerns. The first reason could be that Mrs Lyons doesnt want Eddie to play with children with such a gulf in class and mix with the wrong kind. The second reason could be how Mrs Lyons doesnt want Eddie to meet Mickey and unravel the truth about their brotherhood. Mrs Lyons says Ive told you never to go where that boy lives. I believe the audience vent their first bit of anger, aimed at Mrs Lyons as she is hiding the inevitable truth from Eddie and the audience probably believe the brothers deserve to know the truth. But telling the truth could ruin Mrs Lyons chance of parenthood. Mickey ventures into an adventurous life and Eddie very much wants to follow in his steps. Many quotes prove this, like when in Act 2 Scene3 Mickey says Hiya Eddie. Look, Ive got our Sammys catapult. You coming out eh? Eddie replies Isnt Mickey fantastic, Mum? This shows the first of many similarities between Eddie and Mickey and despite different lifes, there is still a likability factor between the two and they enjoy playing and being mischievous. This bond between the brothers pleases the audience who want the boys to happily reveal the secret, being kept from them. Mickey persuades Eddie into light hearted behaviour (peer pressure). Eddie, despite reluctant still enrols in this misbehaviour, showing a side similar to his brother.

Trend of Agencification

Trend of Agencification Introduction In the almost 800 years since the promulgation of the Magna Carta, there are a number of events in English constitutional history that would serve as useful points of commencement in the consideration of agencification and the related elements engaged by the title question. The present paper will commence the examination of the issues with reference to the well known 1976 commentary of Lord Hailsham concerning the governance of post World War II Britain as that provided by means of an elective dictatorship. The accuracy of this observation is considered in the context of both the creation and the extension of the role of state agencies in modern society. Agencification is next considered from the perspective of the basic purposes of government. Agencies are often regarded as the vehicles through which the real work of government is conducted; the notion that agencies are broadly perceived by ordinary citizens as the true face of modern government is also critically explored. In this context, a number of concepts that are closely connected to the overarching principles of governance are also discussed, including: governance as concept that is interchangeable with regulation; the rise of the contemporary Regulation State; agencies and their intended independence from policy making and political considerations; accountability. Specific attention is directed to the notion of regulation as a means of providing structure to society generally, as well as the role played by agencies in the regulation of internal government processes. The paper concludes with an examination of agencification and its particular constitutional challenges; the impact of the Constitutional Reform Act and the current debate concerning the desirability of a British Bill of Rights is also assessed in this context. It is noted that while the present paper has a British agencification focus, the sources relied upon to support the propositions developed here are drawn from a broad range of British and international commentators. For the purposes of the following analysis, agencification is defined as the delegation of decision making power and institutional autonomy to public bodies. Alternatively, any government decision to utilise or create state agencies or any other entity established by government to further any type of public policy object will form a part of the agencification process. As is noted below through the examples tendered for consideration, the formulation of a definition of agencification is relatively easy; understanding all of the parameters within which such entities now function in modern government structures is difficult. The definition of agencification in turn engages a number of related concepts; of special importance are regulation, autonomy, accountability, and credibility. Regulation has a range of possible meanings in an agencification context. At its narrowest definition, regulation means formulating authoritative sets of rules and establishing autonomous public agencies to monitor the relevant rules and to promote their public compliance. In its broadest meaning, regulation may refer to any form of state intervention designed to steer a society towards a particular public goal. In modern governance, the concept extends to how to regulate the regulators, the mechanics of managing intra-government systems and relations between agencies. Autonomy in the present context is the degree of supervision that is exercised by a central government branch or ministry over an agency or other publicly constituted body. Autonomy must also be considered in contrast to the real or presumed independence of the agency in question; as is discussed below in the context of the UK Food Standards Agency, the relationship between the agency to government, the public at large and the host of possible third party interests at stake make this dynamic very intricate. Accountability is a term that has a strong political connotation that also carries administrative overtones from the agencification perspective. As is further discussed below, the autonomous and semi-autonomous modern regulatory agencies have accountability not in vertical directions, but horizontally to the government at which they stand arms length, and the public to whom their efforts are intended to be directed. The distinction between agency accountability and ministerial accountability must be emphasised. Ministers of the Crown are responsible for the proper functioning of their respective portfolios; a failure to discharge those duties in accordance with the terms of office will often carry personal and political consequences for the minister and the governing party. A breach of duty on the part of the operation of a publicly constituted agency has only indirect consequences for the minister whose portfolio includes the works carried out by the agency in question. Credibility is a concept that is frequently considered in the agencification process. There is broad support in the academic literature for the proposition that an independent and properly structured agency is more inherently credible than a government ministry that is vulnerable to the pressures of political expediency. This support is countered by the observation that an agency may risk being influenced unduly by its client groups in the execution of its duties. Agencification and Elective Dictatorship In 1976 the former Lord Chancellor, Lord Hailsham, offered a commentary on the state of British governance. He suggested that parliamentary supremacy, a foundation of the unwritten English constitution, had been turned on its head the government now controls Parliament, and not the constitutionally accepted reverse proposition that Parliament was supreme. Lord Hailsham further stated that the power inherent in the principle of Parliamentary sovereignty had been exclusively directed to the continuous enlargement and expansion of the scale and range of government itself. The checks and balances presumed by Englands constitutional structure were perceived by Lord Hailsham as no longer functioning ands seemingly abandoned for an exercise of governmental power that continuously expanded, subject to no external controls. We live in an elective dictatorship, absolute in theory, if hitherto thought tolerable in practice. This conclusion as stated by Lord Hailsham has been selected as the point of commencement to the present agencification analysis because it permits a consideration of the reasons why agencies and other public entities have risen to particular prominence in British governance. The relationship between agencies and the broader perception of what government is and what it represents to the public is an important one. Further, a careful examination of the role of agencies permits a critical evaluation of whether the negative elements of big government and executive dominance as referenced by Lord Hailsham in 1976 are counter-balanced by the effectiveness of current government endorsed agency structures as essential to effective and desirable modern governance. Agencification underlying factors Government agencies and the extension of the modern welfare state are well understood as companion concepts. As a general proposition, as the state expands its role in the lives of its citizens to provide greater assurances of societal welfare, the state must create extensions of itself to deal with citizen demand and the regulation of activities across the broad spectrum of society. In this sense, agencification is organic agencies have grown in their influence upon the life of an ordinary citizen in proportion to the desire of government to extend the range of its services. In theory, this extension has occurred with the support of the public as evidenced through its democratic processes in electing governments that enact such programmes. It is plain that agencification has not occurred in Britain (or any other Anglo-American jurisdiction) in accordance with a true master plan. A common observation is that government agencies tend to have very diverse functions and have not developed in a coherent fashion there is a lack of consistency in their legal status, organisation, funding and degree of autonomy. The lack of apparent order may be offset to a degree by the assertion that agencies are cost efficient, more nimble and more responsive to the public needs than traditional government departments by virtue of their structure. The legislative role (both actual and theoretical) of a Member of Parliament is well defined in the understanding of the average citizen; the true extent of the powers and influence of a particular board, tribunal, or agency is often not so clear to even an informed citizen. As Banner noted, modern government is anything but monolithic. The proliferation of state agencies has made government organisation very difficult to penetrate. Banner suggests that the decisional processes have become more opaque for ordinary citizens who long for transparency. In this context, two issues may be usefully considered. The first is the agency as a remedy, a key player in restoring public confidence in government where a systemic failure in a particular government service has been identified. A prominent example, the creation of the Food Standards Agency in the wake of the BSE (mad cow) outbreak and the subsequent political crisis in 1996, is examined below. A further example of the agency as a tool to rebuild a particular institution in the public eye is the revamped Judicial Appointments Committee (JAC). The JAC, a creature of the Constitutional Reform Act, 2005, is intended to render the appointment of judges and certain tribunal members transparent, removing the process beyond the influence of government patronage. The second issue to be considered is that of the agency as the true public face of modern government. The typical citizen may not completely understand the nature and extent of a particular agency powers, but there is no question that agencies exert the greatest regulatory influence over day to day life. Regulation of both society and internal government function cannot exist without agencies; agencification has taken on ever increasing importance for these reasons. The Regulation State The Regulation State is the term of art commonly employed by academics to describe the modern relationship between government agencies and the public they are intended to serve. It is contended that the traditional welfare state was constituted on a command and control model, where public ownership and nationalization of certain public resources was encouraged. In the welfare state model, responsibility for decision making is somewhat more centralized; regulatory, operating, and policy making functions were relatively integrated. The Regulation State is a flatter, more horizontal government model than that of the welfare state. It usually seeks to advance different government goals, chiefly those of economic efficiency, the promotion of competition, and consumer protection.21In essence, the Regulation State marks the crucial demarcation point between direct and indirect governance, where autonomous agencies and single purpose government organisations are essential to overall government function. It is the organisation and regulation of the government apparatus itself that drives the Regulation State forward. Regulatory agencies operate in their assigned sphere through the exercise of delegated powers. It has been noted that many regulatory agencies have features that are both the product of a statute (The Judicial Appointments Committee noted earlier is such an example), as well as elements of an incorporated entity. This particular structure creates a regulatory body that is neither directly elected by the public nor is it directly accountable to Parliament. These free standing agencies are therefore potentially accountable to a range of government and public bodies where the relationships are circular, and not linear or hierarchical. It is in this context that a key strength of the agency as opposed to the centralized power inherent in the former welfare state model is revealed. Agencies constructed to advance a single public policy or designed to deal with a single issue can, at least in theory, acquire agency specific knowledge and operational expertise to function efficiently. If one were to coin a mantra to attach to the agencification that supports the Regulation State, it might be Better regulatory performance and efficiency without impacting adversely upon either democratic principles or political control. Agencification at work BSE and the Food Standards Agency The mad cow scare that first shocked the British public in 1986 was a public scandal that continued to resonate in 1997 and beyond. Revelations were made in 1997 concerning the degree of knowledge that certain government officials may have possessed at the time of the initial outbreak concerning the severity of the risks posed by Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to human health. The James Report and other specialized investigations were undertaken to determine how to best prevent a similar animal disease outbreak. As a result, the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) was created by act of Parliament. In a parallel development, the Council of Europe established a similar body, the European Food Standards Agency. It is not the fact of the mad cow scare and the resulting political crisis that is central to the present analysis. It is the governmental mandate that has been provided to the FSA that is instructive on a number of fronts; the principles of agency independence and accountability discussed earlier in this paper are of particular relevance. The FSA reflects a movement in the regulation of all aspects of food production that mirrors the trend away from the order-command centralized structure of welfare state styled government to a broadly based system of risk regulation in food. However, what the BSE scare illustrated was that risk management was not the entire public concern. The James report identified a broad based lack of public confidence in British food production that emanated from the BSE scare. The FSA was created to regulate the production of British food from plough to plate. However, the public health mandate driven by the BSE crisis was accompanied by agricultural industry concerns regarding the feared decline of this aspect of the British economy. The FSA was plainly tasked to deal with two different issues within one agency framework. This duality raises the important question of whether the FSA is truly independent if there exists the prospect that in regulating one aspect of its mandate (public health) it may hinder the other (British agriculture). It is contended that the FSAs overly broad responsibilities run counter to the effective, single issue styled bodies that are a hallmark of modern agencification. Constitutional challenges Lord Hailshams criticism of British government in 1976 remains one that bears consideration in the agencification era. It is contended that there is a public perception that government is now amorphous, a construction with seemingly infinite tentacles influencing all aspects of modern life, yet not subject to the direct control of any one institution. Government may be seen as an entity that exists for itself, as opposed to clearly articulated public purposes and objectives, no matter how its roles are stated by its members. Recent developments concerning constitutional reform, including the ongoing debate concerning the implementation of a British Bill of Rights also bear upon the role played by agencification in modern government. The proponents of wholesale constitutional reform that include a written Bill of Rights seek to ensure that a balance is struck between the emphasis on individual rights that has been featured in English jurisprudence in the wake of the Human Rights Act and the increasing influence of European Human Rights Convention case law, and an appreciation by every citizen of a corresponding set of individual responsibilities. It is submitted that the merits of a written Bill of Rights make for an interesting academic debate. It is equally plain that in the devolutionary system that is inherent to agencification, the primary concern of the ordinary citizen is for good and effective governance a Bill of Rights has little effect on how that fundamental aspect of citizenship is achieved. A final brief observation a Bill of Rights that is intended to forge a linkage between citizen and modern government is misconceived. The diverse governmental mechanisms that have been spawned by agencification require a different approach. As agencies continue to be created to address specific societal interests, government will continue to become more indirect. The appreciation of the appropriate rights held by individual citizens that may properly coexist in this diffuse governmental structure cannot be cast in stone. An unwritten constitution remains the most effective companion to agencificationdriven governance.

Effect of Communication in on Collaborative Working

Effect of Communication in on Collaborative Working Discuss how communication within an inter-professional team could affect collaborative working Introduction This assignment will discuss how communication within an inter-professional team could affect collaborative working. It will focus on effective communication and understanding other professional roles. It will also examine collaborative working in a team and the barriers that can affect inter- professional team. According to Curtis, Tzannes and Rudge (2011) communication is the art of imparting a message, idea or information between two or more people and is a two way process of transferring information from a source (sender) to a destination (receiver) without the information becoming scrambled on its way so that the exact meaning is understood (Clemow, 2010). A failure to ensure effective communication may adversely affect clinical practice due to increased staff frustration causing undue anxiety and apprehension to patients. (Pincock, 2004) maintains that poor communication by health service staff is a significant cause of complaints brought against the National Health Services (NHS) and clearly shows the importance of achieving effective communication at all times. The Morecambe Bay Report (2015), reported poor working relationships between midwives, obstetricians and paediatricians, which caused major organisational failures and substandard care. (Cheung et al, 2010) stressed inter-professional communication failures are known to be the root cause of adverse events. The increase of effective communication will support government policies such as The Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF, 2013) and the NHS Outcomes 2013/14, which have been produced to improve patient care through meeting the outcomes of the five key domains, which is a legal requirement of the Care Quality Commission (CQC, 2011). Collaboration between healthcare providers is necessary in any healthcare setting, since there is no single profession which can meet all patient’s needs. Consequently, good quality care depends upon professionals working collaboratively in inter-professional teams. In order to improve the quality of patient care and ensure that the goals of care are being achieved, many settings are using the collaborative care delivery model. The collaborative approach involves teams of health professionals working together to provide more coordinated and comprehensive care to clients (Kearney, 2008). According to Day (2006) collaboration in health care settings involves professionals assuming complementary roles and co-operatively working together, sharing responsibility for problem-solving and making-decisions. Collaboration between health care professionals can increase team member’s awareness of different types of knowledge and skills. Berry (2007) affirms that inter-professional education is a collaborative approach to develop students as future inter-professional team members. The IPE module has given individual students an insight into other students chosen professions and the importance of communication between them. Bronstein (2003) discovered the diverse cultures, norms and languages of each profession make the process of interdisciplinary collaboration resemble the bringing together of inhabitants from different backgrounds. The Morecambe Bay Report (2015) also emphasised the cultural differences between the inter-professional team which led to dysfunctional and serious failures of clinical care. According to Kerridge (2002) culture influences all aspects of our lives, it therefore influences our unconscious perception of others. These cultural differences brings with it many challenges to inter-professional working. MacDonald et al (2010) recognised the ability of a professional to learn about other professional roles leads to a broadening and an enrichment of the knowledge required to collaborate with other team members in providing effective healthcare. Inter-professional team work allows healthcare professionals to identify unique differences and to understand the roles and contributions of other members (Lee, 2011). As members of an inter-professional healthcare team, it is imperative that the basis of our different knowledge and skills set be acknowledged and understood. As an inter-professional we must understand what other healthcare professional do, how to access their services and understand the teams goals and needs from their perspective. For instance, in collaborative partners working to achieve quality care we must find ways for healthcare professionals to become good collaborators and competent team members (MacDonald et al, 2010). Working with different professionals however can be very challenging because each inter-professional has a particular approach to patients care for example, a doctor might decide to treat a cancer patient by using chemotherapy even though, there is a small chance of success and the treatment has significant side effects. The nurse on the other hand might feel like the level of pain from the side effect is too much that treatment should not continue. These different in views should be recognised and inter professionals must share their views, justify treatment approaches, and most importantly involve the patient. The success of collaborative working relies on sharing patient concerns as well as professional perspectives, values and beliefs (Cook, Gerrish Clerk, 2007). McWilliams et al (2010) suggest that inter-professional working is very challenging in the workplace, and it is not an easy concept for healthcare professionals to adopt. He argued that inter-professional working is not being delivered to patients, due to communication misunderstanding of information regarding collaborative working. It has been suggested that this is due to the lack of support and training from managers and that managers should involve staff in changes within practice (Dunsford, 2009). However, challenges in inter-professional collaboration such as professional hierarchy can prevent an inter-professional work system from achieving it goals in improving quality of care (Reeves et al, 2009).Traumacentrum (2009) also considered the design of the care system to be responsible for communication issues. Understanding the design of the care system can therefore be a first step towards gaining insight into the root causes of communication failures (Clemow, 2010). A common barrier to effective communication and collaboration is hierarchy between professionals (Berry, 2007). Deutschlander (2009) concur that communication failures in an inter-professional setting arise from vertical hierarchical differences, concerns with upward influence, role and power conflict, and ambiguity. Communication is likely to be distorted or withheld in situations where there are hierarchical differences between communicators (Hornby Atkins, 2000). Nursing and Midwifery Council’s Code of Professional Practice (NMC, 2015) stated that nurses must engage and communicate with a wide range of professionals to ensure that the patient receives quality care. (Gerard,2002) states that communication is an essential part of health care planning and delivery, no matter which area or discipline one happens to work in, as healthcare delivery involves working with people. Verbal communication is used to convey feelings, ideas and emotions and integral within verbal communication is the process of effective or active listening (Barret, Sellman Thomas 2005). Non-verbal communication conveys how we communicate both unconsciously and consciously which includes body language, facial expressions, posture, eye contact and touch (Leathard, 2003). Written communication can take various forms such as documents, patient care plans, prescription charts, letters and emails (Drake, 2007). In regard to verbal communication, a clear explanation of procedures should be given to the patient in terms that they can understand taking into account age, ethnicity and level of understanding. (Adler Rodman, 2009) suggests that professionals can often be poor listeners, as they are too busy to listen properly and jump ahead to reach their own conclusions and appear impatient and high handed as they already have a fixed idea of what they intend to do. The use of active listening techniques such as open posture and questions enhance a practitioner’s ability to accurately assess the information needs of a patient, by creating and encouraging an atmosphere in which the patient feels free to express their needs (Leathard, 2003). Day (2006) states that a vital method of communication between the inter-professional team is through the patient’s records. Good record keeping should be accurate and is essential for professional practice. Most patient records are handwritten and this sometimes presented barriers because some professionals used meaningless phrases, abbreviations and jargon which are difficult to comprehend. Booker (2005) acknowledges that the use of jargon is a way of making professional status known, however, Cheng et al (2011) points out that patients have a right to view their records and it should be written in a way that they can understand. Inter- professional caregivers are supposed to be communicators, especially when documenting patient information. If what is documented does not communicate, then the healthcare giver has failed in his or her profession and legal duty (Hornby Atkins, 2000). The Morecambe Bay Report (2015) stated that lack of openness and effective communication was a key contributor in the care received by patients, where a patient chart had gone missing, before it could be used as evidence in an investigation. If previous documentation is not properly documented or incomplete, other members of the team would find it difficult making good decisions based on the information available (Tummey, 2005). There are situations where nurses and other professionals work effectively together. The multidisciplinary team work well in long term care situations, because it is virtually impossible to tease apart the ever- changing social and healthcare needs of dependent individual and their family. When it comes to recommending patients to the right support system for example referral to social workers, the doctors and nurses discuss the patient’s condition before deciding their next line of action (Warren, 2007). A further barrier to effective verbal communication within an inter-professional team may be found within styles of speech. Speech that is heavily accented, containing technical and medical jargon or which is spoken too quickly may present communication barriers for the inter-professional team and patients, when caring for patients with hearing, learning, or language difficulties, when English may not be a person’s first language, effective communication is essential. (Yukl, 2010). Communication is fundamental in providing good nursing care and collaborative working with the modern healthcare environment. The NHS England Strategy (2014) The NHS five years forward view require healthcare professionals to consider their possible future, the choices faced, and how the services need to change, for a more engaged relationship with patients and communities, so that wellbeing is promoted and ill-health prevented. In order that patient centred care is provided inter-professionals will need to utilise effective communication skills and build upon existing communication skills and knowledge, by increasing awareness of the many barriers to communication that exist within the inter-professional team ( Pogue,2007). In conclusion, this assignment has discuss on how effective communication can hinder and impact on collaborative working. It also recognised how poor communication can lead to catastrophic result among inter-professional team. Effective communication can lead to positive outcomes, such as improving information flow, more effective involvement and improved safety, and improved collaborative working morale and service user’s experience (Day, 2006). Excellent communication and information given is essential to patient care. The more inter-professional team considers the significance of communication, the more their method towards team collaboration will be influenced positively and better would be the results. REFERENCES LIST Adler,B.R. Rodman, G. (2009). Understanding Human Communication. Oxford:Oxford University Press. Barrett. G. Sellman. D. Thomas. J. (2005). Interprofessional working in health and social care: Professional perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Berry, D. (2007). Health Communication. Theory and Practice. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Bronstein, L. R. (2003). A Model for Interdisciplinary Collaboration. Social Work, 48(3), 297-306. Brooker, C. Nicol, M. (2005). Nursing adults: The practice of caring. London: Elsevier. Care Quality Commission. (2011). Promoting patient safety. Retrieved 18/3/2015from, http://www.cqc.org.uk/public/reports-surveys-and-reviews/reports/mental health- act-annual-report-2010/11/promoting-patient Cheung, D.S., Kelly, J.J., Beach, C., Berkeley, R.P., Betterment, R.A., Broida, R.I., Dalsey, W.C., et al. (2010). Improving handoffs in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 55(1) 171–180. Clemow, R. (2010) Nursing and Collaborative Practice, 2nd edition. Exeter: Learning Matters LTD. Cook. G. Gerrish K. Clarke. C. (2001). Decision making in teams: issues arising from two UK evaluations. Journal of Interprofessional Care. Vol. 15(4), 141-51. Curtis, K., Tzannes, A., Rudge, T. (2011). How to talk to doctors –A guide for effective communication. International Nursing Review, 58(6), 13–20. Day, J. (2006) Interprofessional Working. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. Deutschlander, S. (2009). Role understanding and effective communication as core competencies for collaborative practice. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 23(3), 41–51. Dunsford, J. (2009). Structured communication: Improving patient safety with SBAR. Nursing for Women’s Health, 13(4), 384–390 England, NHS, (2014) Five Year Forward View. Community Practitioner. Ethics for Nurses and Midwives. London: NMC. Gerard, K. (2002). Interprofessional working: opportunities and challenges. Nursing Standard. Vol. 17 (6). 33-35. Headrick, L., A., Wilcock, P. M. Batalden, P. B. (1998). Interprofessional Working and Continued medical Education. British Medical Journal, 316(7133), 771-774. Hornby, S. and Atkins, J. (2000) Collaborative Care: Inter-professional, Interagency and Interpersonal, 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Kearney, A. (2008). Facilitating interprofessional education and practice. The Canadian Nurse, 104(3), 22-6. Retrieved March 21, 2015, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. Kerridge, J. (2012). Leading change 1: identifying the issue. Nursing Times, 4(108), 12-15 Leathard. A. (2003). Interprofessional collaboration: From policy to practice in health and social care. Hove: Brunner-Routledge. Lee, V. S. (2012). What is inquiryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ guided learning? New directions for teaching andlearning, 2012(129), 5-14. MacDonald, M., Bally, J., Ferguson, L., Murray, B., Fowler-Kerry, S., Anonson, J. (2010). Knowledge of the professional role of others: a key interprofessional competency. Nurse Education in Practice, 10(4), 238-242. Mc Williams, R., Holt, J., Coates, C., Cotterill, D., Eastburn, S., Laxton, J., Mistry, H., Young, C. (2010). Identifying common competences in health and social care: An example of multi-institutional and inter-professional working. Nurse Education Today, 30(3), 264-270. Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2015) The Code: Standards OF Conduct, performance and Pincock, S. (2004). Poor Communication Lies at the heart of NHS complaints. [Electronic version], British Medical Journal 328 (430), 10. Pogue, P. (2007). The nurse practitioner role: Into the future. Canadian Journal of Nursing Leadership, 20(2), 34–38. The Care Quality Commission (CQC). (2015) University Hospital of Morecambe Bay NHS, Foundation Trust. London. Traumacentrum Limburg. (2009). Failure mode and effects analysis CVA, Myocardia infarct, Heuptrauma, Obstetric, Psychiatric. Maastricht: Traumacentrum Limburg Tummey, R. (Ed.) (2005) Planning Care in Mental Health Nursing. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Warren, J. (2007) Service User and Carer Participation in Social Work. Exeter: Learning Matters LTD. Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations (7th Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

The Constrasting Characters Biddy and Estella from Great Expectations E

The Constrasting Characters Biddy and Estella from Great Expectations Dickens describes Biddy as an uncomplicated character He makes it seem that she is better suited to Pip. He uses phrases such as â€Å" a blessing† and â€Å" beautiful at heart.† Dickens uses almost pleasant words when describing Biddy, this makes the reader feel that she is the good character in this novel. On the other hand he describes Estella has â€Å"cruel and cold.† This makes her seem more and more patronising and inconsiderate. Obviously not the good character in this novel. Dickens creates these character under stereotypes of good and bad characters, as Biddy is said not to have a bad bone in her body whereas Estella is cruel but also described as â€Å"pretty and beautiful.† Victorian stereotypes follow that women with good looks can be manipulative, and Estella is a textbook fit into this stereotype. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Estella and Biddy’s relationship to Pip is key, Dickens makes Pip more driven towards Estella and away from Biddy. This is clever as h... The Constrasting Characters Biddy and Estella from Great Expectations E The Constrasting Characters Biddy and Estella from Great Expectations Dickens describes Biddy as an uncomplicated character He makes it seem that she is better suited to Pip. He uses phrases such as â€Å" a blessing† and â€Å" beautiful at heart.† Dickens uses almost pleasant words when describing Biddy, this makes the reader feel that she is the good character in this novel. On the other hand he describes Estella has â€Å"cruel and cold.† This makes her seem more and more patronising and inconsiderate. Obviously not the good character in this novel. Dickens creates these character under stereotypes of good and bad characters, as Biddy is said not to have a bad bone in her body whereas Estella is cruel but also described as â€Å"pretty and beautiful.† Victorian stereotypes follow that women with good looks can be manipulative, and Estella is a textbook fit into this stereotype. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Estella and Biddy’s relationship to Pip is key, Dickens makes Pip more driven towards Estella and away from Biddy. This is clever as h...

Free Essays - Isolation in Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

Isolation in Macbeth Isolation is a state of being separation between persons or group, or a feeling being alone. There are different factors that contribute to someone feeling alone and isolated. An example of this would be when celebrities go into deep depression because they feel isolated from the whole world. They have all the material things they could ever want, but the one thing they want the most, they do not have. , which is happiness, which comes from satisfaction within oneself and being satisfied with what one has done in one's life. Feeling isolated does not necessarily mean a person is bad. Evidence in Shakespeare play Macbeth , demonstrates this quite clearly that MacBeth's isolation comes from guilt , over-ambition and greed. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth have both shown guilt, but at different stages in the play. Isolating guilty feelings only begins to isolate them from the world around them. Macbeth is the first to feel guilt at the begging of the play, but towards the end he has nothing but isolation. Lady Macbeth has both isolation and guilt. In act III , scene two , lines 6 to 9, Lady Macbeth says, " Noughts had all's spent, where our desire is got without content. Tis safer to be that which we destroy". She is describing how the murder of Duncan has made them lose everything but has made them gain nothing. Her guilt has gotten the best of her by act IV, when all she has on her mind is guilt. When Lady Macbeth says in act V. scene two, line 43 to 44, "Heres the smell of blood still. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand". She knows the murder is irrevocable, and nothing can be done to erase the deed from her mind. Over ambitious feelings pave the way to isolation. When MacBeth becomes over ambitious about something. he begins to get absorbed into the ambition until eventually the rest of the world does not matter anymore. It seemed as though Lady Macbeth wanted the throne for her husband , more than he wanted it for himself. She persuades him until he finally gives in, as shown in act II, line 54 when Lady Macbeth says, "When you durst do it, then you were a man".

Death and Duck Season :: Broughton Duck Season Essays

Death and Duck Season In the short story "Duck Season," T. Alan Broughton introduces an everyday family from upstate New York, during the windy, fall season. The protagonist, Gracie, is dying of cancer, while her husband and children live in denial and try their best to carry on with their lives. Broughton uses the repeated structural device of flashback to depict a vivid image from the eyes of a lonely, bed-ridden Gracie. In looking at this story from a structural criticism, it can be broken down into seven parts that reinforce the theme: Cherish the time with a loved one because it can end in an untimely manner. To begin, Gracie is lying in bed one morning and she describes the scenery through her window: "This fall had been unusually mild, but all night the wind had shaken and battered the house, ripping away the warm rainy weather" (135). Sadly, Gracie's only outlet to the outside world is what she sees through her bedroom window and her memories of when she was well. Broughton then uses flashback to introduce Gracie's husband Len. He is a mechanic by trade and stubborn by nature. The author describes the euphoria of duck hunting season as a symbol for the world of denial Len lives in, because he cannot face the fact that Gracie was dying of cancer. "Once she had said to Len, I'm going to die soon, Stop trying to pretend, but he looked at her as if she had betrayed him" (136). Len's state of denial continues to be reinforced until the climax of the story. Â   In the second part of the story, Broughton presents Len and Gracie's three young children: Georgie, Betsey, and Adele. He also presents Father Rivard, who later makes Len address the reality of Gracie's dying. Broughton shows that the children are being taught to move on with their lives before Gracie even passes. They became uncomfortable in their mother's presence. "She noticed how relieved they were to turn and go" (137). Then, Broughton employs irony in his flashback to liken Gracie to her son Georgie, all-alone in the schoolyard. "Now all of them were that way, further and further away from her, and sometimes even the children seemed to look at her from a huge distance" (137).

Efficient Business Communications in Companies Today Essay

â…  . Introduction Communication is one of the most important factors in any organization or relationship. It is â€Å"the process of people sharing thoughts, ideas, information and feelings with each other in commonly understandable ways† (Hamilton, 2011). When people can communicate properly in a business then it runs smoothly without communicational mistakes and misinterpretation. The main purpose of efficient business communications is to generate a positive, reliable and consistent reputation with customers, employees and other businesses. Efficient business communication promotes confidence in the company so that people are able to trust the company. Businesses are crossing national boundaries to compete on a global scale today. That’s why efficient business communication is important nowadays. To be successful, businesses need to develop efficient ways of communications around the world. In that way, social media and modern technologies is efficient business communications in compa nies today. â… ¡. Body 1. Social media in business communication Pearlson and Saunders (2010) define social networking sites as online services that allow members to create profiles with information about themselves and connect with other individuals that share common interests and expertise. While social networking sites began as methods for people to express their individuality and keep in touch with others, they have developed into communication tools that allow businesses to connect directly with the widespread audiences these sites provide and benefit from the immediacy and intimacy of these contacts. The popularity of social networking sites provides companies with the opportunity to take advantage of instant two-way dialogue with millions of users in a more cost-effective method than previous one-way marketing strategies. Social networking has also changed how working professionals share information and the methods companies use to find new employees. LinkedIn, for example, provides users the ability to create profiles that outline their pr ofessional expertise and accomplishments and Hempel (2010) outlines how both employees and employers benefit from the features of LinkedIn. Over 60 million members have LinkedIn profiles with details on their experience and the ability to reach out to peers to ask for advice or join groups of members with similar affiliations. This provides users the ability to network more effectively than they could through an exchange of business cards or resumes. Employers have also discovered benefits to using LinkedIn to identify and recruit potential employees. LinkedIn provides highly detailed information on members, allowing representatives from companies such as IBM and Accenture to easily identify promising candidates based on member profiles and professional references while saving thousands of dollars in recruiting fees. Twitter provides its users the ability to stay connected by exchanging short messages of 140 characters or less, known as â€Å"tweets†. These brief messages are designed to provide users the ability to quickly share information with a wide audience. Companies are now expected to take an active role in the use of social networking sites to identify candidates for employment, promote their products, and engage customers in the medium and time frame they prefer rather than dictating how and when communication takes place. Given that these sites provide free tools for companies to establish immediate, two-way dialogue with vast numbers of customers, it is imperative that companies develop effective social networking strategies to further establish and strengthen the critical relationship between company and customer. 2. Modern technologies in business communication Technology seems to be in a state of constant evolution. New technologies are being developed all the time, and the impact this has had on the world of business communication is immeasurable. In spite of that speaking to someone in person is the best method of business communication, technology has allowed you to communicate with people around the world through other methods to save company money. Technology plays an important role in the business. It helps to grow business into a customer-focused and sustainable business. Today, modern technology has changed the way these business conduct their communications with each other. Technology has allowed for many forms of communication to take place through the use of cell phones, email, and even holding meetings. Many large organizations have installed a complex network of computer-based telephone, facsimile, printing, voice-mail, e-mail and videoconferencing technologies. These technologies increase the potential for communication in the organization, such as speed, frequency and reach of communication and reduce its cost (Hinds, Keisler, 1995). As technology has progressed, it has increased the speed of business communications. Instead of having to wait a week for a document to be delivered by mail, information can be instantaneously transferred via email or file sharing programs. Technology has greatly increased accessibility in business communication. Because of things like smart phones, email, text messaging and instant messaging, information can be sent very quickly to anyone, anywhere. This has altered accessibility in a multitude of ways. People can work or communicate from anywhere and at any time. Technology has made the world a lot smaller, especially in the context of business. People from different cultures interact on a frequent basis. Global partnerships have become much more feasible as things like video conferencing have facilitated me etings that cost much less to conduct than flying halfway across the world. This has also forced business communication to become more dynamic, as individuals from different cultures learn to accommodate for the cultural and communicative differences in their business relationships. People from opposite ends of the world can work together, 24 hours a day. Moreover, advances in technology make it possible for more and more people to work away from the office – in cars, airports, hotels and homes. (Thill, Bovee, 2005) As it was mentioned before, managers have at their disposal a wide variety of communication technologies from which to choose. And some the most popular technologies can be discovered. They are telephone, voice mail, Internet based communication technologies such as e-mail, instant messages, videoconferences, blogs, file hosting. Mobile Phones Telephones are one of the most common, popular and simple forms of business communication today. The use of the telephone has increased exponentially since its invention because it provides an easy and convenient way to overcome the two principal barriers to communication: time and distance. The telephone is much like one-to-one face-to-face communication, but is done at a distance (Hinds, Keisler, 1995). Using telephones overcome the two principal barriers to communication: time and distance. In fact, some experts estimate that 95 percent of most companies’ daily contacts come via the telephone (Ind, 1999). When people call to an organization, they want to quickly and easy reach somebody who can help them and provide information. Most companies provide cell phones for their employees and they require them to carry them on and off the job. This allows people to be available anytime when they need to be called in. This form of communication is good to get in touch with someone but when you have an important topic to discuss, it is better not to do it over the phone. It also allows companies to save money by having corporate discounts from providers. These benefits of using telephones show that in order to run a business in an effective way, the role of telephones shouldn’t be underestimated. Telephones are one of the most efficient ways of communication. E-mail Of all the Internet activities, e-mail is used more often. Email has changed the way any business is being done. Nowadays people complain about the amount of Email they receive. But, nevertheless, using Email has impacted business in a positive way and has some advantages over other methods of communication. Hamilton (2011) mentioned that â€Å"there are some definite advantages to using e-mail and instant messages in an organization – increased access to and faster retrieval of information, to name just two.† Use of e-mails costs less then sending letters. Thus, e-mail has become one of the most common forms of business communication. Since e-mail communications eliminate the interpretation of body language, tone and gestures, there’s a set of norms and ethics that come with email communication. For example, using capital letters in a sentence can be construed as you screaming at the other person. So, to minimize the potential for problems, many companies now ha ve formal e-mail policies that specify certain rules of creating e-mails and use of company e-mail service. Instant messages Instant messaging allows people to carry on real-time, either one-to-one or small groups text conversations. It is quicker then e-mail and usually used inside the organization to allow employees to share information, exchange documents or hold virtual meetings online. Calls via Internet and Video conference Modern technology allows communicating in person via electronic meetings, such as videoconference or calling and receiving calls via Internet. Programs such as Skype offer Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services that allow individuals and businesses to call and place electronic meetings all over the world for prices much cheaper then regular landline services. Lehman, DuFrene (2005) found that â€Å"despite e-mail, fax machines, cell phones a lot of employees do not communicate as well with one another in virtual environments as they do in traditional office†. Videoconferencing is used by multiple-location companies to communicate with their employees – for training, business updates, to introduce new products or procedural changes (Hamilton, 2011). In videoconferencing people’s participation is more organized and orderly, they come well prepared, which may account for shorter meeting and saving time. It is also effective when an organization is hiring someone who is leaving in other country. If it is expensive to bring that person to the company’s country for an interview, the better way to conduct it is via Skype rather than via telephone. You can see the person, his body language which will give you more information about the person rather than just voice. â… ¢. Conclusion Today, people more connected in globalized world by modern technologies. Lifestyle are changing internet bases that quicker, easier and more cost-effectively. This is nothing different in business communication. Full use of social media and modern technologies are undoubtedly maximizing communications between businesses and their suppliers, partners, customers and their potential customers.

Emotional Bank Accounts Essay

We all do things that are counter-productive to our relationships. We all like to have people be nice to us. The concept of an emotional bank account is powerful, yet not quite as simple as keeping a ledger of debits and credits. One of the problems is the perception of worth. What is a â€Å"deposit† worth. We may think it is quite valuable. The affected person may consider it so routine it is not even remembered. The trick in making deposits is to know what value the act has for the person holding the account. Herzberg was a psychologist who studied motivational factors in American industry. He came up with the conclusion, since quoted out of context, that money is not a good motivator of people. He called things like money, a safe work place, security and such fundamentals â€Å"hygiene† factors. That is, the employee needed them to be there and assumed they would be there. They were not, however, efficient in motivating job improvement. Herzberg found that various methods of showing personal appreciation were far more important. A company golf team, a compliment, a letter of commendation, a corner office, painting an employee’s name painted on a parking place and such activities were more efficient in motivation. Do you agree? Many students do not. To many people, money is a prime motivator. How then did Herzberg come up with his findings? Is he wrong? No, we have to understand another theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow was also a psychologist who studied motivation and found that people had needs that varied with their circumstances. If you are living in the weeds, any job that provides 3 hots and a cot is your dream. You think you would never want anything else. But when you get that job, those needs are satisfied and you quickly want more. Maslow said the second stage was to want security. You want those physiological needs to be there in the future, not just today. And, if you get that security, you then go to stage three where you want a feeling of belonging to a group that reflects your values and goals. If you get this feeling of belonging, you then go to a stage where you want to be singled out and honored. The last stage is one where you  have all those needs met, so you want to contribute in some special way to something greater than yourself. Herzberg did his studies in a shop where people had stage one and two pretty much assured. Those physiological elements did not motivate because they were already met. Those people were at the stage where they either wanted to belong to a group or be singled out for honors. The ability to read another person and determine what is important to them is critical. This gets back to our emotional bank account deposit value. Similarly, actions may have different withdrawal value to different people. To someone who is feeling very insecure because of seeing everyone around them being dismissed in a general layoff, a curt word may have them dusting off their resume and reacting very defensively. It may not have been intended in that way but its effect is the important thing. Our success in keeping a good emotional bank account with other people then depends upon our sensitivity to the values that other people hold, not our own. This sensitivity is difficult for most of us as we often have â€Å"tasks† to do and keeping track of the effect of our actions and words may not be high on our list of things to do at the moment. Yet, in the long term, nothing is more important. I once heard someone say of a particular organization, â€Å"this place is not about competence, this place is about relationships†. I think that is true of just about any organization.

George Orwell

In the George Rowel's short story, A Hanging, Orwell is a British police officer who witness an inmate, who is Hindu, being hung to death. While the officers are marching the prisoner to the hanging site, the prisoner comes to a puddle and side steps it. Orwell and some other officers are following behind them and that's when he realize how healthy the prisoner is and disgusted he was of the decision to hang a healthy man.In the story he was scared to speak up for the prisoner, so that's why he dog was put In the story, the dog was Orwell voice. The dark mood at the beginning shows how Orwell felt during the hanging. The major conflict of the story is Orwell watching a healthy man die right in front of him. After the hanging was done the warders returned to feed the convicts. Everyone was relieved that the hanging was done, even Orwell. Then they started telling each other stories related to hangings. They all laughed at each other, Orwell even found his self laughing at some of the stones.After everyone finished they went out and had a drink together, forgetting about the dead man. Orwell just needed to get the hanging out of his mind, so he did that by laughing and having a good time. The theme of Orwell story is that the life of any healthy man should never be taken. Today similar things are happening in this world, police officers think that they have power and control over us, they think they can do anything to us, For example, an eighteen year old young man named Michael Brown was shot for no apparent season Michael was Just walking down the street. N a Saturday afternoon, to his grandmother house, when an officer stopped him trying to arrest him just because he was a black male walking and the officer assumed he was some thug carrying a weapon. When the officer tried to arrest him, Michael started running with his hands up in the air, when Michael reached ten yards, the officer shot him. The body was not moved for hours. The officer claimed that he only shot him a couple of times but when they viewed the body It was more than a couple. Police are getting out of control, they are taking Innocent young black male lives.That's not the only thing that has happened where a healthy young man done lost his life. This young man was a seventeen year old black male, his name was Adoration Martin. On February 26, 2012, Tyranny was walking back from the store wearing a hooded and carrying a drink and some skittles. The neighborhood watch, George Zimmerman, assumed that he was some bad guy Just because he Is black. Just before the shooting happened George Zimmerman was on the phone with the police saying hat Tyranny looked suspicious and that he was following him, the police told him to stop following him and that they was going to handle it but he didn't listen.At the time Tyranny was on the phone with his girl friend, and he said that he was being followed so his girlfriend told him to run, before he could do so George Zimmerman got out his t ruck to confront him. When the cops arrived George Zimmerman told the cops that Tyranny attacked him but most people TLD believe that. Most people thinking that he was up to no good but he was Just trying to get home. Throughout the story Orwell shows how the prisoners are treated. They were treated like animals. The cells they had the prisoners in were like small animal cages.The prisoners are treated so badly, when they were escorting the man to the hanging spot, it took six guards to escort him but in the story he was described as a puny wisp of a man, which means he was really weak. The officers were being really rough, Orwell said that it was like men handling a fish that is still alive and trying to Jump jack in the water, they were being super aggressive with a weak man. This story also reminds me of when the concentration camps were open in 1940. The Jews were sent their to work at the camps.The families were split up boys and the men had to go to one side and the girls and women went to the other side. When they split them up they had to take all of their clothes off, get disinfected, after that they were giving new clothes, then they had to get their heads shaved both men and women, last they were assigned to a camp, some people didn't make it if they were eek or sick they got killed with the gas, they would put up to a hundred people in a small little room and kill them all, after that they would cremate the bodies.They fed them bread and soup, the bread was stale and the soup was old and thick, sometimes the didn't even give them food. They were treated way worse than the prisoners in A Hanging. In conclusion, George Orwell wrote A Hanging to express his feelings. This really happened to him in reality. He poured out his feelings through the dog and the rain. He feels like no individual life should be taken away from them.

Confucianism and Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee Essay

Celebrated cases of Judge Dee, a detective novel which describes crime cases which happened in China during the Tang Dynasty, in the 7th Century. In the book Judge Dee is a well known magistrate of Chang Ping, whom and is famous for solving crime and maintaining justice, particularly amongst common the Chinese People. In the book, Judge Dee is faced with three murders. As Judge Dee begins solving the crimes, the story unfolds slowly and presents historical, social, legal, philosophical and even religious pictures of ancient China. Tang Dynasty China was a period in which society was strongly influenced by Confucianism, due strongly to the previous influence of the Han Dynasty. These Confucian standards within Tang society strongly guide interpersonal relationships throughout the story in the form of right relationships; in particular, the relationships between father and son, ruler and subject, husband and wife, elder brother and younger brother, and the relationship between friends. These standards of interpersonal relationship strongly emphasized in Confucian belief played major roles throughout the three trials which Judge Dee faced. In order to examine the stories, the Confucius principal should first be discussed in great depth. Confucius sees social order as a series of status groups and graded roles, from the ruler at the top through officials, scholars, gentleman, all the way to the father of the family; all with authority over, as well as a responsibility to set a good example to those below them. The key element of these interpersonal relationships is right relationships (also known as five relationships). These relationships refer to the ties between father and son, ruler and subject, husband and wife, elder brother and younger brother, and those between friends. [1] The relationship between father and son, according to Confucius, is that children always respect their parents and parents always are a moral model for their children. Between ruler and subject, the rulers are responsible for taking care of his people, trust his subject and be a good model, while the subjects should remain loyal and faithful to their rulers. The husband should treat his wife respectfully, while the wife should support the  husband. The elder brother should be a good role model and take good care of and younger one, while the younger one should respect the older brother (brothers being fraternal to each other). Finally, friends should be honest and trustworthy toward one another. From the five relationship principle, every person has many roles to play in this life , or in this society, and must obey these five relationships so that the world and the universe can improve toward perfection. These relationships are also interchangeable and relative. For example, a father in family can also be a subject to the rulers, a friend to other people and meanwhile a son to his mother. It s therefore believed that every person has a duty to follow through with their role within society, a concept which is clearly upheld by Judge Dee throughout the book. In Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee, there are many cases follow the Confucius guide previously mentioned. For example, one of Confucius’ Analects says, â€Å"In order to increase the peace and harmony in society, appoint the honest and empathetic to office.†Ã¥â€œâ‚¬Ã¥â€¦ ¬Ã¥â€¢ Ã¦â€º °:ã€Å'ä ½â€¢Ã§â€š ºÃ¥â€°â€¡Ã¦ °â€˜Ã¦Å" ?〠Ã¥ ­â€Ã¥ ­ Ã¥ ° Ã¦â€º °: ã€Å'舉ç› ´Ã©Å' ¯Ã¨ « ¸Ã¦Å¾â€°,則æ °â€˜Ã¦Å" ;舉枉éÅ' ¯Ã¨ « ¸Ã§â€º ´,則æ °â€˜Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Å" Ã£â‚¬â€š 〠[2]. Similarly, the Judge Dee story follows this Confucian principle, as evidenced by the original introduction: â€Å"If, therefore, a judge is honest, then the people in his districts will be at peace.†[3]. If a judge, as a ruler to the people in the lower level, can be honest to the people, then the people will obey and the society can remain in order, as portrayed within the right relationship principle between ruler and subject. Readers can also see this principle applies in the cases which face Judge Dee. The story begins with the murder of a travelling silk merchant, whom was traveling with another merchant. The merchants were travelling together for safety, when one of them murdered the other, sold the victim’s possessions, and ran away to live a wealthy life. When caught, the merchant placed all blame on someone else. The relationship portrayed between these two merchants, according to Confucianism, is one between friends (Confucius states that friends should be straight, honest, trustworthy and well informed in order to benefit in life). However, the merchant Shao thought  differently. Instead of being a trustworthy and honest friend, he ruins the relationship between friends, and commits the murder, thus creating chaos in society. Another murder case n the story takes place in Huanghua village. A woman, Mrs Djou, had an affair with Mr. Hsu. Later Mrs Djou murdered her husband Bee Husn in order to have Mr. Hsu marry her. Mrs. Djou even gives her little daughter drugs so that her daughter cannot tell on her. Mrs. Bee, Mr.s Djou’s mother in law, had been ill since the time of her son’s death, though Mrs. Djou neglected this fact and did not try to take care of her. These behaviors broke three principles of the right relationships. First, Mrs. Djou committed a severe crime of killing her husband, and broke the relationship between a husband and a wife. Also, she gave drugs to her own daughter, ruining the relationship between the parent and the child. A mother should be a good model and take care of her child, but she failed to do that. Moreover, she ignored Mrs. Bee’s illness instead of trying to cure her, once again breaking the relationship between parents and children. Mrs. Djou failed to be a mother and here, failed to be a daughter in law. At the end of the case, Judge Dee sentences Mrs. Djou to a painful execution for murdering her husband and having an affair with another man. Mr. Hsu is sentenced to strangulation because he took part in the crime of having a affair with Mrs. Djou. However, there is another person who gets punished, Doctor Tang, Mr. Hsu’s teacher. Dr. Tang is the host teacher of the private school, and lives with all his students, taking charge in the supervision of his pupils. During the tribunal, Judge Dee told Doctor Tang, â€Å"You, a man of wide learning and many years experience, have failed miserably in your duties as a tutor. The crime of adultery took place in your house, and, as it were, under your very eyes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.you are strictly forbidden ever again to engage in the teaching of students.† [4]The Judge then proclaims to Mrs. Bee(though does not in fact punish her), â€Å"You failed in your duty of supervising the conduct of your daughter-in-law, and consequently two heinous crimes were committed in your house.†[5] This relates again to the Confucian theory of right relationships. The elderly should play his/her role as an older person  in the Chinese society, or else the society will go without order, a nd though Mrs. Bee doesn’t get punishment, the words Judge Dee says clearly portray interpersonal relationships in Chinese society. Throughout the story the concept of right relationships is so important that people get punished, or scolded when they fail their Confucian duty. Doctor Tang was both elderly and a teacher, and is therefore responsible as a teacher, mentor, and supervisor in the lives of his students. However, he fails his duty as a teacher. According to the story, because Mrs. Bee and Dr. Tang did not do their duty of watching and guiding the younger ones (daughter in law and students), they indirectly let the crime take place and caused the tragedy. Throughout Celebrated Cases of Jude Dee, the relationship between ruler and ruled, between friends, husband and wife, parents and sons/daughters, the elderly and the younger remains incredibly significant, and continuously guides interpersonal relationships. Those whom did not follow the standards of the right relationships were met with punishment from Judge Dee, strongly exemplifying Confucian morality as a whole, and in many ways portraying a large aspect of Tang era society. Bibliography Gulik, Robert Van. Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 1976 Murphey, Rhoads. A History of Asia Sixth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc., 2009 ———————– [1] Rhoads Murphey, A History of Asia Sixth Edition, (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Person Education Inc., 2009),32 [2] Confucius and his students, Analects 2:19(ç‚ ºÃ¦â€ ¿Ã§ ¬ ¬Ã¤ ºÅ'ç ¬ ¬Ã¥  Ã¤ ¹ Ã¦ ¢ ) [3] Robert Van Gulik, Celebrated Cases of Judge Dà  â‚¬Ã   Å'à  Å½Ã   â€˜Ã   Å"à   Ã    ¥Ã    ¦Ã    «Ã    ¬Ã    ®Ã    ¯Ã    ´Ã  ¡Ë†Ã  ¡â€°Ã  ¡Å½Ã  ¡ Ã  ¡â€˜Ã  ¡â€¢Ã  ¡ ¥Ã  ¢ ºÃ  ¢ ¼Ã  £â€ Ã  £â€¡ee, (Mineola, N.Y. : Dover Publications, Inc., 1976),5 [4] Robert Van Gulik, Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee, (Mineola, N.Y. : Dover Publications, Inc., 1976),208 [5] Robert Van Gulik, Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee, (Mineola, N.Y. : Dover Publications, Inc., 1976),208